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1.

Mode of inactivation of influenza virus by tannic acid

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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC317437/

2.

Tannic Acid-Lung Fluid Assemblies Promote Interaction and Delivery of Drugs to Lung Cancer Cells

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Identification of ellagic acid as potent inhibitor of protein kinase CK2: a successful example of a virtual screening application

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16610779/

Using a virtual screening approach, we have identified the ellagic acid, a naturally occurring tannic acid derivative, as a novel potent CK2 inhibitor. At present, ellagic acid represents the most potent known CK2 inhibitor (K(i) = 20 nM).

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CK2 ( §í¨î¾¯ ) ¬O·s«aªº­P©R®zÂI

www.genetinfo.com/investment/featured/item/40057.html

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Existing drug may downgrade COVID threat to common cold level ¡X Jerusalem study

www.timesofisrael.com/existing-drug-may-downgrade-covid-threat-to-common-cold-level-jerusalem-study/

Hebrew University professor says he¡¦s worked out what makes the raging virus so vicious, and how to fix it using an anti-cholesterol med;

no human testing done yet. < < < ======== ÁÙ¨S¦³¶i¦æ¤HÅé´ú¸Õ

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[ Fenofibrate¬O»OÆW°·«OÃÄ«~¡A¥Î¨ÓªvÀø°ªÁx©T¾Jªº¯f¤H¡A¨ä¥D­nÃIJz§@¥Î¦b©ó´£°ª¤À¸Ñ¦å²Gªo¯×»Ã¯À (lipoprotein lipase)ªº¬¡©Ê¡A¦]¦¹¯à°÷­°§C¤T»Ä¥Ìªoà­¦b¨xŦªº¥Í²£¡A¨Ã¦P®É¯à§í¨îHMG-CoAÁÙ­ì酶¡A¦]¦Ó´î¤ÖÁx©T¾J¤§¥Í¤Æ¦X¦¨§@¥Î¡C]

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1. ( clofibrate ©M Fenofibrate ¦PÄÝFibrate ÃþÃÄ«~ , ¨ä¾÷ÂàÀ³¸ÓÃþ¦ü )

A Comparison of Fenofibrate and Clofibrate Hypolipidemic Effects

www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/22953337.1980.11718748?journalCode=yacb20

´â¨©¯S ( clofibrate ) ÅãµÛ­°§CÁx©T¾J©M¤T»Ä¥Ìªoà­¤ô¥­¡C«D¿Õ¨©¯S ( Fenofibrate ) ¦b¨âÏú¦å¯×­È¤W§¡¤ñ´â¨©¯S§ó¦³¬¡©Ê¡C

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www.shh.org.tw/page/PharmDetail.aspx?seq_no=P1004

Fibrate ÃþÃÄ«~¥i¦³®Äªº­°§C¦å²G¤¤¤T»Ä¥Ìªoà­ªº¿@«×¨Ã´£¤É°ª±K«×Áx©T¾Jªº§t¶q¡A¦b¤@¨Ç¤åÄm¤W¤]³QÃÒ¹ê¥i¥H­°§C¤ß¦åºÞ¯e¯fªº­·ÀI¡C ¥D­nªº¾÷Âà¬O¬¡¤Æ²Ó­M®Ö¤¤PPAR£\ ¨üÅé¡A¨ë¿E¤T»Ä¥Ìªoà­¤À¸Ñ¥H¤Î¤À¸Ñ¯×ªÕ»Ä¡A´î¤Ö¤T»Ä¥Ìªo୥ͦX¦¨¡C

2.

Tannic acid is more effective than clofibrate for the elevation of hepatic £]-oxidation and the inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase and aortic lesion formation in apo E-deficient mice

www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/tannic-acid-is-more-effective-than-clofibrate-for-the-elevation-of-hepatic-oxidation-and-the-inhibition-of-3hydroxy3methylglutarylcoa-reductase-and-aortic-lesion-formation-in-apo-edeficient-mice/63C4C8E07F0F4AEF568B1845EEBBB50A/core-reader

»P¹ï·Ó²Õ¬Û¤ñ¡ATA©MCFªº²K¥[§¡­°§C¤F¨xŦ3-ßm°ò-3-¥Ò°ò-¥³¤G酰-CoAÁÙ­ì酶¡]HMGR¡^ªº¬¡©Ê¨Ãªý¤î¤F°Ê¯ßµ°¼Ëµw¤Æ¯fÅܪº§Î¦¨¡C

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¦Ó TA ¤]¥i¥H¹³Fibrate ÃþÃÄ«~¤@¼Ë , ´£¤Éhepatic PPAR-£\ protein level

[ TA supplementation markedly increased the hepatic PPAR-£\ protein level compared with the control group. ]

3.

Increase in Lipoprotein Lipase during Clofibrate Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia in Patients on Hemodialysis

¦å²G³zªR±wªÌªº°ª¤T»Ä¥Ìªoà­¯g ¦b´â¨©¯SªvÀø´Á¶¡¯×³J¥Õ¯×ªÕ酶ªº¼W¥[

www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM197911153012001

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4.

ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_21345_04b4142c0a7a20a0763df972d7e7cae6.pdf

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£]-amyloid and tau drive early Alzheimer¡¦s disease decline while glucose hypometabolism drives late decline

www.nature.com/articles/s42003-020-1079-x

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Tannic acid is a natural £]-secretase inhibitor that prevents cognitive impairment and mitigates Alzheimer-like pathology in transgenic mice.

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Molecular Targets of Tannic Acid in Alzheimer¡¦s Disease.

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Tannic Acid Stimulates Glucose Transport and Inhibits Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells

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Gallic acid induces GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake activity in 3T3‐L1 cells

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Brain iron is associated with accelerated cognitive decline in people with Alzheimer pathology

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Anti-fibrotic effects of tannic acid through regulation of a sustained TGF-beta receptor signaling

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Identification of Ellagic Acid as Potent Inhibitor of Protein Kinase CK2: A Successful Example of a Virtual Screening Application

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16610779/

Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous, essential, and highly pleiotropic protein kinase whose abnormally high constitutive activity is suspected to underlie its pathogenic potential in neoplasia and other diseases. Using a virtual screening approach, we have identified the ellagic acid, a naturally occurring tannic acid derivative, as a novel potent CK2 inhibitor. At present, ellagic acid represents the most potent known CK2 inhibitor (K(i) = 20 nM).IC(50)=0.04 £gM.

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med.sina.com/article_detail_103_2_84763.html

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Cinnamon converts poor learning mice to good learners: Implications for memory improvement

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097886/

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Oral administration of cinnamon and NaB upregulates the activation of CREB and stimulates the expression plasticity-associated molecules in the hippocampus of poor learning mice

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Biogen¡¦s Statistical Gymnastics And PR Maneuvering Will Likely Turn Aducanumab Straw Into Mega Blockbuster Gold

Jun. 24, 2020 7:56 PM

by Tim Erickson

seekingalpha.com/amp/article/4355504-biogens-statistical-gymnastics-and-pr-maneuvering-will-likely-turn-aducanumab-straw-mega

A Vast Unmet Clinical Need with Enormous Sales Potential

Based on this large and growing patient population and monoclonal antibody pricing of $30,000/year, one can see how aducanumab could generate $15B/year in sales within a few years, if widely prescribed. Analysts are already predicting peak sales in excess of $20B, and this may be an underestimate!

Biogen¡¦s P3 Aducanumab Data

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The Great Neuro-Pipeline Brain Drain - Why Big Pharma Hasn¡¦t Given Up On CNS Disorders

By Julia Skripka-Serry

2013 Issue

www.ddw-online.com/therapeutics/p216813-the-great-neuro-pipeline-brain-drain-why-big-pharma-hasn-t-given-up-on-cns-disorders.html

Table 2 .

Trends in neuroscience dealmaking

by Jamie Munro and Helen Dowden

Published Nov 12, 2018

biopharmadealmakers.nature.com/users/9880-biopharma-dealmakers/posts/40785-trends-in-neuroscience-dealmaking

Fig. 1 Trends in neuroscience dealmaking

Fig. 3 Venture capital investment and public offerings in 2017 by therapeutic area

Fig. 4 Top neuroscience partnering organizations by deal volume from 2013¡V2017

Table 1 Neuroscience licensing, joint venture and research deals valued at > $1 billion from 2013 to 2018

Table 2 Recent neuroscience mergers and acquisitions valued at more than $1 billion

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Chronic administration of ketamine induces cognitive deterioration by restraining synaptic signaling

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Abilify Prices

2 mg Abilify oral tablet. from $940.71 for 30 tablet.

5 mg Abilify oral tablet. from $940.71 for 30 tablet.

10 mg Abilify oral tablet. from $940.71 for 30 tablet.

15 mg Abilify oral tablet. from $940.71 for 30 tablet.

20 mg Abilify oral tablet. from $1,326.35 for 30 tablet.

30 mg Abilify oral tablet. from $1,326.35 for 30 tablet.

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www.drugs.com/price-guide/abilify

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The recommended starting and target dose for ABILIFY is 10 or 15 mg/day administered on a once-a-day schedule without regard to meals. ABILIFY has been systematically evaluated and shown to be effective in a dose range of 10 to 30 mg/day...

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10 mg : ( 940.71/30 )*365 = 11,445 ¬ü¤¸

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Pharmaceutical composition comprising sodium benzoate compound and clozapine, and uses thereof

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Use of lithium benzoate for treating central nervous system disorders

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United States Patent : 10,668,032

June 2, 2020

1.A method of protecting cortical neurons from mitochondrial dysfunction, toxicity, or deprivation of oxygen or glucose in a subject ...

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www.drugs.com/dosage/clozapine.html

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www.marketresearch.com/product/sample-8104929.pdf

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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7233933/

. ³o¬O²Ä¤@¶µ®Ú¾Úºë¯«¤Àµõ¯g±wªÌªº§Üºë¯«¯f¤ÏÀ³Áa¦Vµû¦ô¨ä»{ª¾­y¸ñªº¬ã¨s¡C§Ú­ÌÅã¥Ü¡AªvÀø©è§Ü»P§óÄY­«ªº»{ª¾¯à¤O¤U­°¦³Ãö¡A¦Ó UTR ±wªÌªº¹w«á¸û®t¡C³o¨Ç¼Æ¾Úªí©ú¡Aºë¯«¤Àµõ¯gªvÀø©è§ÜªºÄY­«µ{«×»P§ó¤jªº»{ª¾»Ù꦳Ãö .

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Add-on Benzoate May Improve Symptoms of Difficult-To-Treat Schizophrenia

October 10, 2013

By Rob Goodier

www.psychcongress.com/article/add-benzoate-may-improve-symptoms-difficult-treat-schizophrenia

NEW YORK - Adding sodium benzoate to risperidone or haloperidol may reduce symptoms and improve neurocognition in patients with schizophrenia, a small trial from China suggests.

Researchers found the drug improved scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale by 21% in patients who had remained symptomatic despite standard antipsychotic treatment.

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Gallic acid decreases vacuous chewing movements induced by reserpine in rats.

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Involuntary oral movements are important symptoms associated with several diseases or pharmacological conditions, such as Parkinson¡¦s disease or tardive dyskinesia, respectively.

Gallic acid ( GA ) at two different doses (13.5 and 40.5 mg/kg/day) has reduced VCMs in rats previously treated with reserpine. These findings show that gallic acid may have promissory use in the treatment of involuntary oral movements.

¦ÓÃö©óReserpine ( ºK¦Û: sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/208865/7/07_chapter%201.pdf )

Reserpine is known to be associated with the development of TD (Uhrbrand and Faurbye, 1960). Reserpine depleted vesicular dopamine stores which can increase dopamine levels and consequently, its metabolism via monoamine oxidase (MAO). Therefore, exacerbation of dopamine metabolism, particularly, in basal ganglia, can lead to overproduction of free radicals (Abílio et al., 2003; Naidu et al., 2004) like dopamine quinones and hydrogen peroxide (Lohr, 1991).

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Tannic acid, a novel histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, prevents non-alcoholic fatty liver disease both in vivo and in vitro model

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In this report, we demonstrate for the first time the powerful anti-fibrotic effect of tannic acid in cultured human lung fibroblasts in vitro and in the bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis in vivo.

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... TA may possibly provide a new and promising therapy for many fibrotic diseases including PF ( pulmonary fibrosis ).

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Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of tannic acid and melatonin on streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats.

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Axsome Therapeutics Announces AXS-05 Achieves Primary Endpoint in GEMINI Phase 3 Trial in Major Depressive Disorder

Published: Dec 16, 2019

www.biospace.com/article/releases/axsome-therapeutics-announces-axs-05-achieves-primary-endpoint-in-gemini-phase-3-trial-in-major-depressive-disorder/

Actual Enrollment : 327 participants

Official Title: AXS-05-MDD-301: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of AXS-05 in Subjects With Major Depressive Disorder

Actual Study Start Date : June 20, 2019

Actual Primary Completion Date : November 26, 2019

Actual Study Completion Date : December 5, 2019

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Locations

United States, Florida

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Jacksonville, Florida, United States, 32304

clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04019704

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Axsome Therapeutics Announces AXS-05 Achieves Primary Endpoint in the ADVANCE-1 Pivotal Phase 2/3 Trial in Alzheimer¡¦s Disease Agitation

( Axsome Therapeutics«Å¥¬AXS-05¦bªü¯÷®üÀq¯gļ°Ê¯gªºADVANCE-1ÃöÁä2/3´Á¸ÕÅç ¹F¨ì¥D­n²×ÂI )

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Inhibitors of Autoactivation of Plasma Hyaluronan-Binding Protein(PHBP) (Factor VII Activating Protease)

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It was known that tannic acid effectively inhibited activity of trypsin among serine proteases.

( catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/opac_download_md/1526296/p097.pdf )

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7 leads (Chlorogenic Acid, Bharangin, Gallic acid, Spathulenol,Vasicine ,pThymol and Vitexin) out of 28 reveals 75% binding efficacy.

Table 1:

Summarizing the docking score and representing the interaction analysis plot with best binding docking pose of phytochemicals from the herbs of Kapa Sura Kudineer and Nilavembu Kudineer

Gallic acid ( GA) ªº Binding Free energy ¬O - 4.59 Kcal/ mol

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med.sina.com/article_detail_103_2_79141.html

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pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27343405-activation-of-angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2-ace2-attenuates-allergic-airway-inflammation-in-rat-asthma-model/

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www.toolsbiotech.com/news/detail/id/288.html

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www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/ace-inhibitors-may-lower-pneumonia-risk

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Impact of phenolic compounds on ACE and CCK signaling to reduce blood pressure and food intake

Nadin Al Shukor, MSc

Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

biblio.ugent.be/publication/8022799/file/8022864.pdf

P.92

Table 2.1 demonstrates the ACE inhibitory effects by tannic acid, phenolic acids, pyrogallol and catechol. It was clear that among the 22 different phenolic compounds tested, tannic acid was the most active with the lowest IC50 value (230 µM).

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Figure 1.5 sumarizes proposed actions of phenolic compounds underlying their potential antihypertensive activity

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Natural Products for COVID-19 by Integrating Computational Screening and Literature Evidence

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pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8645319-inhibitory-effect-of-tannic-acid-on-human-immunodeficiency-virus-promoter-activity-induced-by-12-o-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate-in-jurkat-t-cells/

3.

Natural Products as Anti-HIV Agents and Role in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND): A Brief Overview

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www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01444/full

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4.

Inhibition Mechanisms of Hepatitis C Virus Infection by Caffeic Acid and Tannic Acid

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www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/42/5/42_b18-00970/_html/-char/en

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5.

¨S­¹¤l»Ä(GA)¦b°·±d©M¯e¯f¤¤ªºÃIJz§@¥Î¡G¾÷²zºî­z

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6528712/

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6.

Antiviral Effects of Black Raspberry (Rubus coreanus) Seed and Its Gallic Acid against Influenza Virus Infection

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4926177/#app1-viruses-08-00157

Taken together, RCSF1 and GA showed inhibitory effects with a different mode-of-action at the early stage of both type A and B viral infections and they can be an attractive candidate for development as an antiviral agent against influenza viruses.

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respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12931-019-1141-8

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In this report, we demonstrate for the first time the powerful anti-fibrotic effect of tannic acid in cultured human lung fibroblasts in vitro and in the bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. Recent studies have demonstrated the protective effect of tannic acid in a rat model of pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy induced by abdominal aortic banding through a reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis . It was also shown that tannic acid exerts significant liver-protective effects in mice with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis .

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1.

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pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18797755-anti-hsv-1-and-anti-hiv-1-activity-of-gallic-acid-and-pentyl-gallate/

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1.

Lithium for schizophrenia: Cochrane find lack of evidence to support its use

www.nationalelfservice.net/mental-health/schizophrenia/lithium-for-schizophrenia-cochrane-find-lack-of-evidence-to-support-its-use/

Lithium is not strictly speaking a dopamine antagonist.

2.

Lithium for schizophrenia

www.cochrane.org/CD003834/SCHIZ_lithium-schizophrenia

People with schizophrenia often have two main types of symptoms with their illness, the acute symptoms of hearing voices or seeing things (hallucinations) and strange beliefs (delusions). Examples of chronic symptoms are low mood/depression, social withdrawal, and memory problems.

The findings in this review show that there is no good quality evidence that lithium on its own is effective for people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

3.

The dopamine hypothesis of bipolar affective disorder: the state of the art and implications for treatment

www.nature.com/articles/mp201716

ÃIJz¾Ç©M¦¨¹³¾Ç¬ã¨sªº¤@­Pµo²{¤ä´©¤F¤@ºØ°²³]¡A§Y¦h¦h¤ÚÓiµh ( Hyperdopaminergia ) ª¬ºA¡A¯S§O¬OD2/3¨üÅé¥i¥Î©Êªº¤É°ª©M¶W¬¡ÅD¼úÀy³B²zºô¸ô¡A¬Oļ¨g¯gªº°ò¦¡C

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Lithium for the Maintenance Treatment of Bipolar I Disorder: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Discontinuation Study - 07/02/19

¾Y¥Î©óÂù¬Û±¡·PI»Ùꪺºû«ùªvÀø¡G¤@¶µÂùª¼¡A¦w¼¢¾¯¹ï·Óªº°±ÃĬã¨s

www.em-consulte.com/article/1274740/lithium-for-the-maintenance-treatment-of-bipolar-i

Conclusion :

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Discontinuation Trial builds support for the role of lithium as a maintenance treatment in pediatric patients with bipolar disorder and for the safety and tolerability of 28 weeks of maintenance lithium treatment.

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ITI-007 for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: A 4-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial

www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(15)00694-0/fulltext

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med.sina.com/article_detail_100_1_77954.html

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Efficacy and Safety of Lumateperone for Treatment of Schizophrenia

A Randomized Clinical Trial

jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2758022

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PANSS total score¨â²Õ®t²§ : -4.2 ; ®ÄªG¶q = -0.3 ; unadjusted P =0 .02; multiplicity-adjusted P = 0.04

CGI-S score¨â²Õ®t²§ : -0.3 ; ®ÄªG¶q = -0.39 ; unadjusted P = 0.003; multiplicity-adjusted P =0.04

PANSS positive subscale score¨â²Õ®t²§ : -1.7 ; ®ÄªG¶q = -0.33 ; P =0.006

PANSS negative subscale score¨â²Õ®t²§ : -0.9 ; ®ÄªG¶q = -0.2 ; P =0.09 (¥¼ÅãµÛ)

general psychopathology subscale score¨â²Õ®t²§ : -2.4 ; ®ÄªG¶q = -0.29 ; P = 0.01

PANSS-derived prosocial factor score¨â²Õ®t²§ : -1.1 ; ®ÄªG¶q = -0.24 ; P = 0.04

PSP scale score¨â²Õ®t²§ : -3.3 ; ®ÄªG¶q = -0.26 ; P = 0.05

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Synaptic density marker SV2A is reduced in schizophrenia patients and unaffected by antipsychotics in rats

www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-14122-0

A presynaptic role for PKA in synaptic tagging and memory

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4143446/

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20‐year follow‐up study of physical morbidity and mortality in relationship to antipsychotic treatment in a nationwide cohort of 62,250 patients with schizophrenia (FIN20)

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wps.20699

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Add-on Benzoate May Improve Symptoms of Difficult-To-Treat Schizophrenia

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www.psychcongress.com/article/add-benzoate-may-improve-symptoms-difficult-treat-schizophrenia

October 10, 2013

NEW YORK - Adding sodium benzoate to risperidone or haloperidol may reduce symptoms and improve neurocognition in patients with schizophrenia, a small trial from China suggests.

Researchers found the drug improved scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale by 21% in patients who had remained symptomatic despite standard antipsychotic treatment.

...

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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459194/

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Study for Individuals with Schizophrenia

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Compensation: Participants will receive payment for time and travel up to $600. All study visits, test procedures and study medications will be provided at no cost to participants.

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UC Health

www.uchealth.com/research/clinical-study/?id=d5d1a90d-bdb7-4e97-8e3e-525f257e26e1

Posted Date: Jan 28, 2020

Our Locations

www.uchealth.com/our-locations/

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Add-on Treatment of Benzoate for Schizophrenia A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of D-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor

greenlab.npih.ucla.edu/Publications/Lane%20et%20al.%20JAMA%20-%20Psychiatry%202013.pdf

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Reduced Resting-State Connectivity in the Precuneus is correlated with Apathy in Patients with Schizophrenia

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www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-59393-6

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pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26613210-new-perspectives-on-the-involvement-of-mtor-in-depression-as-well-as-in-the-action-of-antidepressant-drugs/

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Lately, NMDA-enhancing treatments, such as sodium benzoate, also decreased depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia in clinical trials.

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A recent study found that sarcosine, as ketamine, may exert its anti-depressive property by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway through stimulation of the AMPA receptor.

[ºK¦Û S14: Breaking the ground ¡V Evidence for novel classes of anti-depression agents beyond Ketamine

watermark.silverchair.com/pyw042.057.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAmwwggJoBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggJZMIICVQIBADCCAk4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMKoaNIzJzflFdfdd_AgEQgIICHxwpSuN4rjBUaBSLL_veiRhfSZvskebmYZhKuWvRI7jWOOlZCAo_FrWpy1dzuhnKyF6OfRcu_2x3WWTBEGiMd4jVS5Yrovd8Hy9EdM3LkJ29LXlFe_m1tnmWYUkYUYbFOPFCZk7GI85inf1rc71SmW8jtDmq-iXzxXCL-wMiKD0gKh62cqMMx8OFAe2zuEjCOvfG8MkXCuP8s1A60MN7cTtCMb_DuKFyKorgYOpGs8XTHThYWpwFyAKrcc5BEhnm5QCFlSVsgSVjbKdaFWb85ryvoW2Hh3xFCmx_teayHiQEWBXR28kZ4S2GWsugdrn9JKASb-hYCK4TrNDcPZFARFyw3FzyGlaPLTuO1ng675mIFTWC8s4r1GFemY-a-Wc2zfYHGeLLxAqE_qzRcuizoXU0rdwJSiJtyte00FetInK-8N8RAkc2-CedDORO3cOXe5SkP6lAe9gL-9QzkQAGOo-G1kM60gtfxBoSRqRkFzgPHFdSZHamP2EsghQ5bNlDZrMexwjT6hKQYJsSUskbh0bQlqRc87XStcFrnf2Mqlo9KGR3Q0ZYTG66jF74ymeWiVhfN1jYPNBEEK11M6wsl4GWc36QYcmReiUrj9vg5BVCqF8YTUW5XJ1QLegwMCflVeGDw4WXW9pkvayG1WhlRrpa2fCZyq63An6U2aNwoAq1JbUhsPDQPVwWl9HR1OKexIEpgN9JDWPdFKOYWtGMvg ]

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Regulation of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors ( NMDAR ) by Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 ( DISC1 )

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.. Taken together, these results suggest that DISC1 shRNA increases NMDAR currents via a mechanism at least partially dependent on elevated PKA activity

(shRNA¡]­^»y¡Gshort hairpin RNA¡AÁY¼gshRNA¡^¬O¤@ºØ§Î¦¨«æÂàÅs¡]hairpin turn¡^µ²ºcªºRNA§Ç¦C¡A¥i¥H¸g¥ÑRNA¤zÂZ¡]RNAi¡^¨Ï°ò¦]ªí²{¨IÀq¤Æ¡C

.. suggesting that DISC1 knockdown indeed induced CREB activation and nuclear translocation.

.. These results suggest that DISC1 knockdown induces the upregulation of CREB activity via a PKA-dependent mechanism.

.. Taken together, these results suggest that DISC1 depletion drives an enhanced NMDAR response, at least in part via a mechanism depending on PKA/CREB activation.

.. Finally, we examined the potential downstream target of CREB involved in DISC1 regulation of NMDARs. BDNF is a possible candidate, because CREB activation induces the increased expression of BDNF, which is essential for neuronal maturation .

.. Consistently, our data suggest that DISC1 knockdown results in the upregulated PKA-CREB signaling, which is likely via the inhibition of PDE4 function.

.. It is clear there is a complex but critical partnership between the NMDAR and DISC1. The role we have carved out for the GluN2A subunit could be critical in this.

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. Interventions designed to remediate disruptions in synaptic structural organization and intracellular signaling pathways potentially offer more specific therapeutic benefits.

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